Age- and stereovision-dependent eye-hand coordination deficits in children with amblyopia and abnormal binocularity.
نویسندگان
چکیده
PURPOSE To examine factors contributing to eye-hand coordination deficits in children with amblyopia and impaired stereovision. METHODS Participants were 55 anisometropic or strabismic children aged 5.0 to 9.25 years with different degrees of amblyopia and abnormal binocularity, along with 28 age-matched visually-normal controls. Pilot data were obtained from four additional patients studied longitudinally at different treatment stages. Movements of the preferred hand were recorded using a 3D motion-capture system while subjects reached-to-precision grasp objects (two sizes, three locations) under binocular, dominant eye, and amblyopic/nonsighting eye conditions. Kinematic and "error" performance measures were quantified and compared by viewing condition and subject group using ANOVA, stepwise regression, and correlation analyses. RESULTS Movements of the younger amblyopes (age 5-6 years; n = 30) were much slower, particularly in the final approach to the objects, and contained more spatial errors in reaching (∼×1.25-1.75) and grasping (∼×1.75-2.25) under all three views (P < 0.05) than their age-matched controls (n = 13). Amblyopia severity was the main contributor to their slower movements with absent stereovision a secondary factor and the unique determinant of their increased error-rates. Older amblyopes (age 7-9 years; n = 25) spent longer contacting the objects before lifting them (P = 0.015) compared with their matched controls (n = 15), with absence of stereovision still solely related to increases in reach and grasp errors, although these occurred less frequently than in younger patients. Pilot prospective data supported these findings by showing positive treatment-related associations between improved stereovision and reach-to-grasp performance. CONCLUSIONS Strategies that children with amblyopia and abnormal binocularity use for reach-to-precision grasping change with age, from emphasis on visual feedback during the "in-flight" approach at ages 5 to 6 years to more reliance on tactile/kinesthetic feedback from object contact at ages 7 to 9 years. However, recovery of binocularity confers increasing benefits for eye-hand coordination speed and accuracy with age, and is a better predictor of these fundamental performance measures than the degree of visual acuity loss.
منابع مشابه
Eye-hand coordination skills in children with and without amblyopia.
PURPOSE To investigate whether binocular information provides benefits for programming and guidance of reach-to-grasp movements in normal children and whether these eye-hand coordination skills are impaired in children with amblyopia and abnormal binocularity. METHODS Reach-to-grasp performance of the preferred hand in binocular versus monocular (dominant or nondominant eye occluded) conditio...
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PURPOSE Visual defects associated with amblyopia have been extensively studied, but their impact on the performance of everyday visuomotor tasks is unclear. This study evaluates eye-hand coordination (prehension) skills in adult amblyopes compared with normal subjects. METHODS Twenty amblyopes (10 strabismic, 10 nonstrabismic) with different degrees of visual acuity loss (mild, moderate, or s...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
دوره 55 9 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2014